James A. Wilcox	“Getting Cash During the Virus Crisis: Loans, Forgivable Loans, and Grants Two of our current EWMBA students, Lance Barnard and Austin Yoder, and I explain the how small businesses can benefit from the April 2020 federal government assistance programs that intend to help small businesses that have been hurt by the virus crisis. The entire application process is quick and easy. Because of their generous terms and conditions, these programs can greatly benefit small businesses—as well as contractors, sole proprietors, and the self-employed. We explain how most, or even all, of a Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan will be forgiven. For three cases, we calculate how much can be borrowed—and how much will be forgiven.  We also describe other business loan, grant, and tax credits that are currently available. Here is a link to our presentation: Getting Cash During the Virus Crisis--How and Why for Small Businesses_Contractors_Sole Proprietors_ and the Self-Employed.pdf
	Haas School of Business University of California, Berkeley 545 Student Services Building Berkeley, CA  94720-1900 Phone: (510) 642-2455 Email: jwilcox@haas.berkeley.edu Homepage: https://haas.berkeley.edu/faculty/wilcox-james/

Among the topics of my research have been credit union conversions, mutual thrift conversions, economies
of scale and costs in credit unions, bank mergers, deposit insurance reform, house prices and the housing
market, the unbanked, the banking safety net, competition in financial regulation, small business lending,
and the effects of GSEs on the economy.

To download my resume, click here: Vita in pdf (Acrobat) file. (If necessary, download Acrobat reader).

EDUCATION 

POSITIONS 

 RESEARCH INTERESTS 

 TEACHING 

• Business Conditions
• Financial Institutions and Markets
• Risk Management in Financial Institutions
  
• Earl F. Cheit Award for Excellence in Teaching, Evening MBA Program, 1996-97
• Earl F. Cheit Award for Excellence in Teaching, Undergraduate Program, 1994-95
• Earl F. Cheit Award for Excellence in Teaching, Evening MBA Program, 1986-87

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS 

“Credit Union Members’ Shares Before and After Federal Insurance,” With Stephanie I. Crofton and Luis G. Dopico. Essays in Economic and Business History, forthcoming.

“Government Guarantees of Loans to Small Businesses: Effects on Banks’ Risk-Taking and Non-Guaranteed Lending,” With Yukihiro Yasuda. Journal of Financial Intermediation, forthcoming.

Credit Unions: Capital, Collapses, and Conversions, MIT Press, forthcoming.

“Credit Union Members’ Shares Before and After Federal Insurance,” With Stephanie I. Crofton and Luis G. Dopico. Essays in Economic and Business History, forthcoming.

“The Home Purchase Sentiment Index: A New Housing Indicator,”Business Economics, v. 50, October 2015, pp. 178-190, doi:10.1057/be.2015.27. National Association for Business Economics’ 2015 Edmund A. Mennis Contributed Paper Award.

“Regime Shifts in Real Estate Markets: Time-Varying Effects of the U.S. and Japanese Economies on House Prices in Hawaii,” With John R. Krainer. Real Estate Economics, vol. 41, Issue 3, Fall 2013, pp. 449-480.

“Understanding Bank Supervisors’ Risk Assessments,” With John O’Keefe, CAPCO Journal 35: Zicklin-Capco Institute Paper Series in Applied Finance, 2012, pp. 159-171. 

“Conversions and Capital of Mutual Thrifts: Connections, Problems, and Proposals for Credit Unions,” With Stephanie I. Crofton and Luis G. Dopico. Essays in Economic and Business History, vol. 30, 2012, pp. 31-48.

“Impacts of Mergers on Credit Union Costs: 1984-2009,” Filene Research Institute, Madison, WI, 2010.

“American Share Insurance: The Sole Surviving Private Deposit Insurer in the US” With Stephanie I. Crofton and Luis G. Dopico. Essays in Economic and Business History, vol. 28, 2010, pp. 27-40.

"Underwriting, Mortgage Lending, and House Prices: 1996-2008," Business Economics, October 2009, pp. 189-200. Winner of the National Association for Business Economics' 2009 Edmund A. Mennis Contributed Paper Award.

“Characteristics of Credit Union Mergers: 1984-2008,” Filene Research Institute, Madison, WI, 2009, pp. 1-62.

“Credit Union Costs and Consolidations,” Filene Research Institute, Madison, WI, 2008, pp. 1-57.

“Forecasting Components of Consumption with Components of Consumer Sentiment,”Business Economics, October 2007, pp. 22-32. National Association for Business Economics’ 2007 Edmund A. Mennis Contributed Paper Award.

"Policies and Prescriptions for Safe and Sound Banking: Shocks, Lessons and Prospects" Economic Review, First and Second Quarters 2007.

The author illustrates the extent to which ensuing regulatory changes conform to the prescriptions of Perspectives on Safe and Sound Banking. He probes whether relatively untested regulatory strictures, such as prompt corrective action, will prevail when banking is heavily stressed. He then discusses how "home-run regulation" extends the reach of individual states' bank charters nationwide and whether the Fed will eventually regulate financial institutions marketwide.

“Determinants of Credit Union and of Commercial Bank Failures: Similarities and Differences, 1981-2005,” Madison, WI: Filene Research Institute, http://www.filene.org, 2007, pp. 1-60.

"Housing, Credit Constraints, and Macro Stability: The Secondary Mortgage Market and Reduced Cyclicality of Residential Investment" (with Joe Peek), American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May 2006, forthcoming.

As Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae grew, GSEs stabilized mortgage and housing markets and contributed to the "Great Moderation" of the macroeconomy.

“Failures and Insurance Losses of Federally-Insured Credit Unions: 1971-2004,” Filene Research Institute and the Center for Credit Union Research, Madison, WI, 2005, pp. 7-111.

"The Increasing Integration and Competition of Financial Institutions and of Financial Regulation," Research in Finance, v. 22, 2005, pp. 215-238.

As financial institutions have increasingly integrated and competed with each other, so have financial regulation and bank regulators.

“Bank Safety and Soundness and the Structure of Bank Supervision: A Cross-Country Analysis (with James R. Barth, Luis G. Dopico, Daniel E. Nolle),”International Review of Finance, v. 3, no. 3&4, 2002, pp. 163-188.

“Pro-cyclicality, Banks’ Reporting Discretion, and ‘Safety in Similarity’” (with Pipat Luengnaruemitchai), in The New Basel Capital Accord, edited by Benton E. Gup, South-Western Publishing, 2004, pp. 151-175.

"Secondary Mortgage Markets, GSEs, and the Changing Cyclicality of Mortgage Flows" (with Joe Peek), in Research in Finance, v. 20, edited by Andrew H. Chen, Elsevier Press, 2003.

Increasingly during recessions, GSEs countercyclically supply mortgage funds when banks and other lenders retrench.

“Capital Instruments for Credit Unions: Precedents, Issuance and Implementation,” Filene Research Institute and the Center for Credit Union Research, Madison, WI, 2003, pp. 1-53.

"The Fall and Rise of Banking Safety Net Subsidies" (with Joe Peek), in Too-Big-to-Fail: Policies and Practices in Government Bailouts, edited by Benton E. Gup, Praeger Books, 2003.

Reforms of financial regulations, such as FIRREA and FDICIA, reduced banking safety net subsidies before 2000, but subsidies likely rose after that.

“A History of the Future of Banking: Predictions and Outcomes (with Maria Gloria Cobas and Larry R. Mote),” in The Future of Banking, edited by Benton E. Gup, Quorum Books, 2003, pp. 49-76.

“Subordinated Debt for Credit Unions,” Filene Research Institute and the Center for Credit Union Research, Madison, WI, 2002, pp. 1-55.

“Openness, Profit Opportunities, and Foreign Banking (with Luis Dopico),”Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions, and Money, v. 12(4-5), October/December 2002, pp. 299-320.

"Who is Unbanked, and Why: Results from a Large, New Survey of Low- and Moderate-Income Individuals" (with Todd Vermilyea), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Bank Structure Conference, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, May 2002.

“Hidden Cost Reductions in Bank Mergers: Accounting for More Productive Banks (with Simon H. Kwan),” in Research in Finance, v. 19, edited by Andrew H. Chen, Elsevier Press, 2002, pp. 109-124.

“An International Comparison and Assessment of the Structure of Bank Supervision (with James R. Barth, Luis G. Dopico, and Daniel E. Nolle),”Corporate Finance Review, v. 6(6), May/June 2002, pp. 9-34.

“Information about Bank Risk in Options Prices (with Steve Swidler),”Journal of Banking and Finance, v. 26(5), May 2002, pp. 1033-1057.

"MIMIC: A Proposal for Deposit Insurance Reform," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, v. 9(4), November 2001, pp. 338-349.

This proposal for deposit insurance reform mimics the incentives and practices of a private-sector, mutual, insurance organization. It calls for the FDIC to explicitly pay the Treasury for its line of credit and "catastrophe insurance."

“The Repeal of Glass-Steagall and the Advent of Broad Banking (with James R. Barth and R. Dan Brumbaugh, Jr.),” Journal of Economic Perspectives, v. 14(2), 2000, pp. 191-204.

“Cost Reductions in Electronic Payments: The Roles of Consolidation, Economies of Scale, and Technical Change (with David B. Humphrey and Diana Hancock),”Journal of Banking and Finance, v. 23, 1999, pp. 391-421.

"The ‘Credit Crunch’ and the Availability of Credit to Small Business" (with Diana Hancock), Journal of Banking and Finance, v. 22(6-8), 1998, pp. 983-1014.

Macroeconomics, 7th edition, Addison-Wesley-Longman (by Robert J. Gordon; James A. Wilcox is the author of Chapters 13-16 in the 7th edition), 1998.

"Bank Capital, Nonbank Finance, and Real Estate Activity (with Diana Hancock),"Journal of Housing Research, v. 8(1), 1997, pp. 75-105.

"Intraday Management of Bank Reserves: The Effects of Caps and Fees on Daylight Overdrafts (with Diana Hancock),"Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, v. 28(4), November 1996, pp. 870-908.

"Bank Credit and Economic Activity (with Carl E. Walsh)," in Is Bank Lending Important for the Transmission of Monetary Policy?, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 1995, pp. 83-112.

WORKING PAPERS

“An Index of Commercial Real Estate Underwriting: Construction, Causes, and Effects.”

“How Has Bank Supervision Performed and How Might It Be Improved?,”After the Fall, 2009 Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Conference.

“How Much Do Spillovers Affect Checking and Savings Account Ownership in Low-Income Neighborhoods? (with Erin Syron and Todd Vermilyea).

“Regulatory Discretion and Banks' Pursuit of Safety in Similarity,” (with Ryan Stever).

“Do Government Guarantees of Bank Loans Lower, or Raise, Banks’ Non-Guaranteed Loans?” (with Yukihiro Yasuda).

“Failures of Credit Unions and of Commercial Banks: Similarities, Differences, and Implications” (with Luis G. Dopico).

“Internal and External Lending by Nonfinancial Businesses During Crises and During Other Times” (with Hyonok Kim and Yukihiro Yasuda).

“Shocks and Shock Absorbers in Japanese Banks and Bond Markets During the Global Financial Crisis” (with Hyonok Kim and Yukihiro Yasuda).

"Why the U.S. Won't Have a 'Lost Decade'," Working Paper, Spring 2008.

The odds are extremely low that the U.S. will suffer a “lost decade” of low growth, high unemployment, banking and business weakness, and ineffective public policies like Japan did in the 1990s. Real estate constituted a smaller share of total assets in the U.S. than in Japan. The bubble in U.S. house prices was smaller than Japan’s. Commercial real estate prices also rose less in the U.S. than in Japan. Several large U.S. banks have already attracted additional capital. U.S. corporations now generally have considerable liquidity. The Federal Reserve has been aggressive in its monetary policy easings and supportive in its financial policy innovations. A tax rebate has already been enacted and will boost GDP growth in 2009 and 2010. Further Fed innovations are likely if conditions warrant them. Further fiscal and financial regulatory policy changes are also likely if conditions warrant them.

OTHER

“Help Workers Hurt by ‘Tech Tilt’ with Tech-Friendly Tax Reform,” The Hill blog, November 28, 2017.

“Constructing the Home Purchase Sentiment Index,” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, May 15, 2017.

A Way to Make People Buy Homes Again :[Op-Ed]. New York Times  (Late Edition (east Coast)),  p. A.29. 

"Fluctuating Fortunes and Hawaiian House Prices," Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, December 2011.

"Credit Union Mergers: Efficiencies and Benefits," Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, September 12, 2011.

"Securitization and Small Business" Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, July 18, 2011.

"Consumer Sentiment and Consumer Spending," FRBSF Economic Letter, Number 2008-19, June 27, 2008, pp. 1-4.

Sometimes more than others, consumer attitudes seem to help economists forecast households’ spending. This Letter explains why consumer sentiment might improve forecasts. Recent research noted here suggests that consumer sentiment helps forecast virtually every category of consumer spending, but that different aspects of consumer sentiment affect different categories of consumer spending quite differently.

"Credit Union Conversions to Banks: Facts, Incentives, Issues and Reforms," Filene Research Institute, May 2006.

We survey the historical, legal, and regulatory status of bank and credit union charters, followed by discussion of the incentives and constraints associated with stock and with mutual institutions. Following a critique of current conversion practices, we offer a comprehensive and concrete reform plan to improve the fairness and eficiency of credit union conversions.

"Economies of Scale and Continuing Consolidation of Credit Unions," FRBSF Economic Letter, Number 2005-29, November 4, 2005, pp. 1-4.

Unlike banks, credit unions show large economies of scale, which increasingly pressure the credit union industry to consolidate into fewer, larger credit unions, either via mergers, acquisitions, conversions, or failures.

"The Baby Boom, 'Pent-Up' Demand, and Future House Prices" (with Joe Peek), Journal of Housing Economics, v. 1, 1991, pp. 347-367.

Contrary to Mankiw-Weil, we forecasted that aging baby boomers would push up house prices.

"The Measurement and Determinants of Single-Family House Prices" (with Joe Peek), AREUEA Journal, v. 19(3), 1991, pp. 353-382.

Home improvements make house prices seem to rise faster than indexes report. Interest rates, incomes, and baby boomers detectably affect inflation-adjusted, or real, house prices.

"Nominal Interest Rate Effects on Real Consumer Expenditure," Business Economics, October 1990, pp. 31-37.

Because lenders impose ceilings on borrowers' payment to income ratios, even when interest rates rise due to inflation adjustments, consumer spending declines.

• "The Credit Crisis," October 11, 2008.
• "Is There a Bubble in House Prices?," October 2005.